French Wine - Simplified

One of the most confusing subjects for American consumers is trying to understand wines from France. The wine labeling system in France is mostly based on region or appellation, not by the type of grape used to produce the wine.

So, here are some broad generalities regarding the wines from the various regions in France:

Bordeaux - The majority of wines from Bordeaux are red blends. The Left Bank wines are generally based on Cabernet Sauvignon while the Right Bank wines are based on Merlot. These blends may include Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Petite Verdot and Malbec and Carmenère. Bordeaux's white wines are generally blends of Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc. Muscadelle may also be used in small quantities.

Champagne - This is the name of the world’s most famous sparkling wine. And, yes, it’s from the Champagne region of France. Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier (both of which are purple grapes) and Chardonnay are the primary grape varieties used to make Champagne.

Burgundy - The red wines from Burgundy are Pinot Noir and the white wines are Chardonnay.

Beaujolais - This region is famous for wines made from the Gamay grape.

Loire Valley - This region’s red wine is dominated by Cabernet Franc but the Loire Valley also grows Pinot Noir, Malbec (you may see it as Côt) and Gamay. White wines are Sauvignon Blanc, Chenin Blanc, Muscadet (also known as Melon de Bourgogne) and Chardonnay.

Rhone Valley - This region is best known for its red blends of Granache, Syrah and Mourvèdre (GSM) and white blends of Marsanne and Roussanne.

There are plenty of books completely devoted to the study of French wines. But, if you’re just walking down the wine aisle trying to decide on a French wine, I hope these simple notes help. Cheers!

More on the Wine Term "Cru" regarding the French Regions of Burgundy and Bordeaux

Last time we started exploring the word “Cru” as it relates to wine. The simple translation of Cru is growth. This is really referring to a special or unique wine growing area. While this area can be a single growing site, it can also be a larger region of land that includes many vineyards and wineries. Again, that’s the simple explanation. Now, let’s explore the term Cru at the next level - a Cru in France. Specifically, Burgundy and Bordeaux.

The wine classification system in Burgundy is somewhat simple. All vineyards in Burgundy are classified into a Cru hierarchy. The ‘Grand Cru’ is the highest level. There are 33 Grand Crus in Burgundy that are their own appellation. Premier Cru wines are a step below the Grand Cru and hence are less expensive and typically a much better value. Below the Premier Cru are the ‘Village’ wines and the generic Bourgogne category at the bottom of the hierarchy. As I said, pretty simple.

Then there’s Bordeaux. Unfortunately, the term Cru is used much differently in Bordeaux.

Bordeaux uses a system called the Grand Cru Classé quality classification system, and it’s tied to a specific Chateau or Estate (i.e., winery), rather than a vineyard. This system was established in 1855 and applies only to Left Bank Chateaus in the regions of Médoc, Graves and Sauternes. In these three regions, vineyards are ranked from first to fifth growths. And, believe it or not, these rankings are based on the vineyards’ value as they were in 1855!

So, the first growths are called Premiers Crus, while second through fifth growth Crus are individually numbered Crus classés. Are you still with me?

Then, there’s the Right Bank of Bordeaux. While the Pomerol region isn’t classified at all, the Saint-Émilion region really steps up the confusion level one more notch.

St.-Émilion has two Chateau-based quality classifications, except that there’s a separate third category. At the top of the system is Premier Grands Crus Classés followed by Grands Crus Classés. The third category, Cru Borgeois, is not tied to a specific chateau or geographical subzone.

So, if you made it this far in this discussion of the French Crus of Burgundy and Bordeaux, thank you. If your head is spinning, don’t worry. Me too! This is a bit of a complex subject.

For more information on the wines of Burgundy and Bordeaux, please follow these links.

Cheers!

Ever Wonder What the Wine Word "Cru" Means?

If you’ve every shopped for French wine, you’ll find their wine labels can be quite different than those in the U.S. And, somewhat confusing. With French wines, and others, the term Cru can show up on the label. So, let take a look at what that term means.

Simply translated, Cru means growth. Typically, it refers to a special or unique growing area. Somewhat like an American AVA (e.g., Napa Valley), a French Cru can be a growing site or it can be a larger region of land that includes many vineyards and wineries. This term is also closely tied to the French term terrior that sums up the entirety of the location, soil, climate and elevation of a wine growing region.

The term Cru can also have different meaning within France’s wine regions, just as it can also be applied differently in other countries. And to make things even more confusing, the term isn’t regulated outside of France.

So, next time we’ll look at how the term Cru is applied to wines from Burgundy and Bordeaux. Until then, Cheers!

Wine Fun Fact -- Do You Know About the Codes on a Bottle of Champagne?

It was recently brought to my attention that each bottle of champagne includes a code on its label indicating the type of producer who made the wine in the bottle.

The codes will start with two letters followed by a series of numbers. The numbers are simply the champagne’s house code, not unlike an address. But the two letters tell you a bit about the growers and producers of the Champagne.

RM (récoltant-manipulant): These are grower-producer champagnes. These are produced by growers who grow their own grapes on their own land, then make and bottle their own wine. There’s actually a large number of “RM” producers in Champagne. By law a “RM” labeled wine must go from grape to final product on the estate of the production (an estate wine).

SR (société de récoltants): These are produced by an organization set up by two or more growers to share one winery to make and sell wine under the organization’s label.

MA (marque d’acheteur): These are sold as their own but don’t they don’t produce it themselves.

RC (récoltant-coopérateur): These are grower-cooperator (co-op) wines. Grape grower will take their grapes to a cooperative for them to make the wine and then the wine will be sold under the grower’s brand. So, it their grapes but produced by someone else.

ND (négociant-distributeur): These are merchant-distributor champagnes. The merchant simply buys finished wine and put their own labels on them.

NM (négotiant-manipulant): These are merchant-producer champagnes. They purchase their fruit from growers and then produce the champagne. This category includes a lot of very well-known labels from Champagne.

CM (cooperative-manipulant): These are Champagnes made by a cooperative of growers who band together and share resources and then sell the resulting wines under one brand name. The growers usually don’t participate in the wine production in the co-op model. Instead, they have a winemaker who creates the final product.

So, next time you are looking at a Champagne bottle, read the fine print on the label to learn a bit more about the growers and producers of the bottle. Cheers!

Ever Wonder? - What Does 'Vin Sec' Mean on a Riesling Label

Ever wonder what “Vin Sec” means on the label of a bottle of Riesling?

In French it literally means ‘dry wine.’

Riesling is a wine that is most famously produced in Germany where nearly half the world's Riesling grapes are grown. Other great producers of Riesling include the Alsace region of France, Australia, Austria, Canada and the United States.

Riesling that is grown in cooler climate regions result in highly aromatic wines with great acidity and big, bright fruit flavors. But mention a Riesling and most often you'll hear "Oh, that's a sweet wine."

But not all Rieslings are sweet. They can span the range from dry to sweet. The Alsace region of France is known for its dry Riesling. And warmer climates, such as California, Oregon and Washington, produce dry Rieslings that typically have more muted fruit flavors, are more medium to full-bodied.

So, if you are looking for Riesling that is not sweet, look for the words ‘Vin Sec’ on the label. This will ensure that you’re getting a ‘dry’ or low-sugar wine.

Cheers!